[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":2113},["ShallowReactive",2],{"mdc-4jakp1-key":3},{"data":4,"body":5},{},{"type":6,"children":7},"root",[8,23,27,37,44,64,70,75,129,155,158,167,178,183,211,216,259,262,273,278,296,301,329,332,343,366,371,408,411,420,426,438,444,449,491,504,523,529,557,569,572,581,587,613,619,649,652,663,691,696,709,712,723,741,744,755,784,787,796,802,837,848,851,857,862,891,894,903,909,920,926,938,941,947,980,992,995,1004,1010,1022,1035,1047,1050,1056,1061,1066,1079,1082,1088,1099,1117,1122,1149,1154,1157,1166,1172,1177,1200,1205,1223,1226,1232,1243,1266,1271,1274,1280,1308,1311,1320,1325,1368,1373,1376,1387,1390,1399,1405,1410,1433,1436,1442,1447,1470,1475,1508,1511,1517,1540,1543,1549,1572,1577,1600,1603,1612,1618,1636,1641,1659,1662,1671,1677,1687,1692,1711,1716,1727,1730,1736,1749,1754,1772,1775,1784,1790,1808,1811,1817,1830,1835,1858,1861,1870,1876,1912,1915,1924,1930,1948,1951,1957,1975,1978,1987,1992,2000,2005,2035,2047,2050,2059,2064,2102],{"type":9,"tag":10,"props":11,"children":13},"element","h1",{"id":12},"chapter-2-protein-composition-and-structure",[14,17],{"type":15,"value":16},"text","🧬 ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":19,"children":20},"strong",{},[21],{"type":15,"value":22},"Chapter 2 — Protein Composition and Structure",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":25,"children":26},"hr",{},[],{"type":9,"tag":28,"props":29,"children":31},"h2",{"id":30},"_21-proteins-are-built-from-a-repertoire-of-20-amino-acids",[32],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":33,"children":34},{},[35],{"type":15,"value":36},"2.1 Proteins Are Built from a Repertoire of 20 Amino Acids",{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":39,"children":41},"h3",{"id":40},"the-amino-acid-alphabet",[42],{"type":15,"value":43},"🔹 The amino acid alphabet",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":46,"children":47},"p",{},[48,50,55,57,62],{"type":15,"value":49},"All proteins in all known life forms are built from ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":51,"children":52},{},[53],{"type":15,"value":54},"the same 20 amino acids",{"type":15,"value":56}," — a biochemical alphabet billions of years old. The extraordinary diversity of protein function comes not from new building blocks, but from ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":58,"children":59},{},[60],{"type":15,"value":61},"different sequences and structures",{"type":15,"value":63},".",{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":65,"children":67},{"id":66},"general-amino-acid-structure",[68],{"type":15,"value":69},"🔹 General amino acid structure",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":71,"children":72},{},[73],{"type":15,"value":74},"Each amino acid contains:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":77,"children":78},"ul",{},[79,90,99,109,118],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":81,"children":82},"li",{},[83,85],{"type":15,"value":84},"An ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":86,"children":87},{},[88],{"type":15,"value":89},"α-carbon (Cα)",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":91,"children":92},{},[93,94],{"type":15,"value":84},{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":95,"children":96},{},[97],{"type":15,"value":98},"amino group (–NH₃⁺)",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":100,"children":101},{},[102,104],{"type":15,"value":103},"A ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":105,"children":106},{},[107],{"type":15,"value":108},"carboxyl group (–COO⁻)",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":110,"children":111},{},[112,113],{"type":15,"value":103},{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":114,"children":115},{},[116],{"type":15,"value":117},"hydrogen",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":119,"children":120},{},[121,122,127],{"type":15,"value":103},{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":123,"children":124},{},[125],{"type":15,"value":126},"side chain (R group)",{"type":15,"value":128}," → defines chemistry and function",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":130,"children":131},{},[132,134,139,141,146,148,153],{"type":15,"value":133},"All amino acids are ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":135,"children":136},{},[137],{"type":15,"value":138},"chiral",{"type":15,"value":140}," except ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":142,"children":143},{},[144],{"type":15,"value":145},"glycine",{"type":15,"value":147},". Only ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":149,"children":150},{},[151],{"type":15,"value":152},"L-amino acids",{"type":15,"value":154}," are used in proteins.",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":156,"children":157},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":28,"props":159,"children":161},{"id":160},"classification-of-amino-acids",[162],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":163,"children":164},{},[165],{"type":15,"value":166},"Classification of Amino Acids",{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":168,"children":170},{"id":169},"hydrophobic-nonpolar-amino-acids",[171,173],{"type":15,"value":172},"🟢 ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":174,"children":175},{},[176],{"type":15,"value":177},"Hydrophobic (Nonpolar) Amino Acids",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":179,"children":180},{},[181],{"type":15,"value":182},"Examples: Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Met, Pro, Phe, Trp",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":184,"children":185},{},[186,196,201],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":187,"children":188},{},[189,191],{"type":15,"value":190},"Tend to ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":192,"children":193},{},[194],{"type":15,"value":195},"avoid water",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":197,"children":198},{},[199],{"type":15,"value":200},"Cluster in protein interiors",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":202,"children":203},{},[204,206],{"type":15,"value":205},"Drive folding via the ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":207,"children":208},{},[209],{"type":15,"value":210},"hydrophobic effect",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":212,"children":213},{},[214],{"type":15,"value":215},"Special cases:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":217,"children":218},{},[219,229,239,249],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":220,"children":221},{},[222,227],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":223,"children":224},{},[225],{"type":15,"value":226},"Glycine",{"type":15,"value":228}," → tiny, flexible, fits into tight spaces",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":230,"children":231},{},[232,237],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":233,"children":234},{},[235],{"type":15,"value":236},"Proline",{"type":15,"value":238}," → cyclic, rigid, breaks helices",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":240,"children":241},{},[242,247],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":243,"children":244},{},[245],{"type":15,"value":246},"Isoleucine & threonine",{"type":15,"value":248}," → extra chiral center",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":250,"children":251},{},[252,257],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":253,"children":254},{},[255],{"type":15,"value":256},"Tryptophan",{"type":15,"value":258}," → bulky, aromatic, weakly polar",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":260,"children":261},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":263,"children":265},{"id":264},"polar-uncharged-amino-acids",[266,268],{"type":15,"value":267},"🔵 ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":269,"children":270},{},[271],{"type":15,"value":272},"Polar, Uncharged Amino Acids",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":274,"children":275},{},[276],{"type":15,"value":277},"Examples: Ser, Thr, Tyr, Cys, Asn, Gln",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":279,"children":280},{},[281,291],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":282,"children":283},{},[284,286],{"type":15,"value":285},"Participate in ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":287,"children":288},{},[289],{"type":15,"value":290},"hydrogen bonding",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":292,"children":293},{},[294],{"type":15,"value":295},"Often found on protein surfaces",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":297,"children":298},{},[299],{"type":15,"value":300},"Special:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":302,"children":303},{},[304,319],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":305,"children":306},{},[307,312,314],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":308,"children":309},{},[310],{"type":15,"value":311},"Cysteine",{"type":15,"value":313}," → forms ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":315,"children":316},{},[317],{"type":15,"value":318},"disulfide bonds",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":320,"children":321},{},[322,327],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":323,"children":324},{},[325],{"type":15,"value":326},"Tyrosine",{"type":15,"value":328}," → aromatic + polar (OH group)",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":330,"children":331},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":333,"children":335},{"id":334},"charged-amino-acids",[336,338],{"type":15,"value":337},"🔴 ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":339,"children":340},{},[341],{"type":15,"value":342},"Charged Amino Acids",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":344,"children":345},{},[346,356],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":347,"children":348},{},[349,354],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":350,"children":351},{},[352],{"type":15,"value":353},"Positively charged",{"type":15,"value":355},": Lys, Arg, His",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":357,"children":358},{},[359,364],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":360,"children":361},{},[362],{"type":15,"value":363},"Negatively charged",{"type":15,"value":365},": Asp, Glu",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":367,"children":368},{},[369],{"type":15,"value":370},"These residues:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":372,"children":373},{},[374,384],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":375,"children":376},{},[377,379],{"type":15,"value":378},"Form ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":380,"children":381},{},[382],{"type":15,"value":383},"electrostatic interactions",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":385,"children":386},{},[387,389,394,396,401,403],{"type":15,"value":388},"Are crucial for ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":390,"children":391},{},[392],{"type":15,"value":393},"catalysis",{"type":15,"value":395},", ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":397,"children":398},{},[399],{"type":15,"value":400},"binding",{"type":15,"value":402},", and ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":404,"children":405},{},[406],{"type":15,"value":407},"pH sensitivity",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":409,"children":410},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":28,"props":412,"children":414},{"id":413},"_22-primary-structure-amino-acid-sequence",[415],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":416,"children":417},{},[418],{"type":15,"value":419},"2.2 Primary Structure: Amino Acid Sequence",{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":421,"children":423},{"id":422},"what-is-primary-structure",[424],{"type":15,"value":425},"🔹 What is primary structure?",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":427,"children":428},{},[429,431,436],{"type":15,"value":430},"The ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":432,"children":433},{},[434],{"type":15,"value":435},"exact amino acid sequence",{"type":15,"value":437}," of a protein.",{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":439,"children":441},{"id":440},"why-sequence-matters",[442],{"type":15,"value":443},"🔹 Why sequence matters",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":445,"children":446},{},[447],{"type":15,"value":448},"The amino acid sequence:",{"type":9,"tag":450,"props":451,"children":452},"ol",{},[453,463,472,481],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":454,"children":455},{},[456,458],{"type":15,"value":457},"Determines ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":459,"children":460},{},[461],{"type":15,"value":462},"3D structure",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":464,"children":465},{},[466,467],{"type":15,"value":457},{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":468,"children":469},{},[470],{"type":15,"value":471},"function",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":473,"children":474},{},[475,476],{"type":15,"value":457},{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":477,"children":478},{},[479],{"type":15,"value":480},"disease risk",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":482,"children":483},{},[484,486],{"type":15,"value":485},"Reveals ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":487,"children":488},{},[489],{"type":15,"value":490},"evolutionary history",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":492,"children":493},{},[494,496,502],{"type":15,"value":495},"🧠 ",{"type":9,"tag":497,"props":498,"children":499},"em",{},[500],{"type":15,"value":501},"One amino acid change can cause disease",{"type":15,"value":503},"\nExample:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":505,"children":506},{},[507,515],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":508,"children":509},{},[510],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":511,"children":512},{},[513],{"type":15,"value":514},"Sickle-cell anemia",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":516,"children":517},{},[518],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":519,"children":520},{},[521],{"type":15,"value":522},"Cystic fibrosis",{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":524,"children":526},{"id":525},"disulfide-bonds",[527],{"type":15,"value":528},"🔹 Disulfide bonds",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":530,"children":531},{},[532,542,552],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":533,"children":534},{},[535,537],{"type":15,"value":536},"Formed by oxidation of ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":538,"children":539},{},[540],{"type":15,"value":541},"two cysteine residues",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":543,"children":544},{},[545,547],{"type":15,"value":546},"Create ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":548,"children":549},{},[550],{"type":15,"value":551},"cystine",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":553,"children":554},{},[555],{"type":15,"value":556},"Stabilize structure (especially extracellular proteins)",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":558,"children":559},{},[560,562,567],{"type":15,"value":561},"📌 ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":563,"children":564},{},[565],{"type":15,"value":566},"Insulin",{"type":15,"value":568}," is a classic example: two chains linked by disulfide bonds.",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":570,"children":571},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":28,"props":573,"children":575},{"id":574},"_23-secondary-structure-local-folding-patterns",[576],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":577,"children":578},{},[579],{"type":15,"value":580},"2.3 Secondary Structure: Local Folding Patterns",{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":582,"children":584},{"id":583},"peptide-bond-properties",[585],{"type":15,"value":586},"🔹 Peptide bond properties",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":588,"children":589},{},[590,598,608],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":591,"children":592},{},[593],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":594,"children":595},{},[596],{"type":15,"value":597},"Planar",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":599,"children":600},{},[601,603],{"type":15,"value":602},"Partial ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":604,"children":605},{},[606],{"type":15,"value":607},"double-bond character",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":609,"children":610},{},[611],{"type":15,"value":612},"Restricts rotation",{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":614,"children":616},{"id":615},"backbone-angles",[617],{"type":15,"value":618},"🔹 Backbone angles",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":620,"children":621},{},[622,639],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":623,"children":624},{},[625,630,632,637],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":626,"children":627},{},[628],{"type":15,"value":629},"ϕ (phi)",{"type":15,"value":631}," and ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":633,"children":634},{},[635],{"type":15,"value":636},"ψ (psi)",{"type":15,"value":638}," angles define allowed conformations",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":640,"children":641},{},[642,644],{"type":15,"value":643},"Visualized using ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":645,"children":646},{},[647],{"type":15,"value":648},"Ramachandran plots",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":650,"children":651},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":653,"children":655},{"id":654},"α-helix",[656,658],{"type":15,"value":657},"🌀 ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":659,"children":660},{},[661],{"type":15,"value":662},"α-Helix",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":664,"children":665},{},[666,671,681,686],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":667,"children":668},{},[669],{"type":15,"value":670},"Right-handed helix",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":672,"children":673},{},[674,676],{"type":15,"value":675},"Stabilized by ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":677,"children":678},{},[679],{"type":15,"value":680},"hydrogen bonds",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":682,"children":683},{},[684],{"type":15,"value":685},"Side chains point outward",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":687,"children":688},{},[689],{"type":15,"value":690},"Proline disrupts helices",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":692,"children":693},{},[694],{"type":15,"value":695},"Common in:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":697,"children":698},{},[699,704],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":700,"children":701},{},[702],{"type":15,"value":703},"Soluble proteins",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":705,"children":706},{},[707],{"type":15,"value":708},"Membrane proteins (hydrophobic helices)",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":710,"children":711},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":713,"children":715},{"id":714},"β-sheets",[716,718],{"type":15,"value":717},"➿ ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":719,"children":720},{},[721],{"type":15,"value":722},"β-Sheets",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":724,"children":725},{},[726,731,736],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":727,"children":728},{},[729],{"type":15,"value":730},"Parallel or antiparallel strands",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":732,"children":733},{},[734],{"type":15,"value":735},"Hydrogen bonds between strands",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":737,"children":738},{},[739],{"type":15,"value":740},"Side chains alternate above and below the sheet",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":742,"children":743},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":745,"children":747},{"id":746},"turns-loops",[748,750],{"type":15,"value":749},"🔄 ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":751,"children":752},{},[753],{"type":15,"value":754},"Turns & Loops",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":756,"children":757},{},[758,763,779],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":759,"children":760},{},[761],{"type":15,"value":762},"Connect secondary structures",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":764,"children":765},{},[766,768,772,774],{"type":15,"value":767},"Often contain ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":769,"children":770},{},[771],{"type":15,"value":145},{"type":15,"value":773}," or ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":775,"children":776},{},[777],{"type":15,"value":778},"proline",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":780,"children":781},{},[782],{"type":15,"value":783},"Usually surface-exposed",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":785,"children":786},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":28,"props":788,"children":790},{"id":789},"fibrous-proteins-collagen",[791],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":792,"children":793},{},[794],{"type":15,"value":795},"Fibrous Proteins: Collagen",{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":797,"children":799},{"id":798},"collagen-structure",[800],{"type":15,"value":801},"🧵 Collagen structure",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":803,"children":804},{},[805,810,822],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":806,"children":807},{},[808],{"type":15,"value":809},"Triple helix",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":811,"children":812},{},[813,815,820],{"type":15,"value":814},"Repeating ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":816,"children":817},{},[818],{"type":15,"value":819},"Gly-X-Y",{"type":15,"value":821}," motif",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":823,"children":824},{},[825,827,831,832],{"type":15,"value":826},"X and Y often ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":828,"children":829},{},[830],{"type":15,"value":778},{"type":15,"value":773},{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":833,"children":834},{},[835],{"type":15,"value":836},"hydroxyproline",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":838,"children":839},{},[840,841,846],{"type":15,"value":561},{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":842,"children":843},{},[844],{"type":15,"value":845},"Every third residue must be glycine",{"type":15,"value":847},"\n→ Only glycine fits in the crowded center",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":849,"children":850},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":852,"children":854},{"id":853},"disease-connection-osteogenesis-imperfecta",[855],{"type":15,"value":856},"🦴 Disease connection: Osteogenesis imperfecta",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":858,"children":859},{},[860],{"type":15,"value":861},"Replacing glycine with a larger residue:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":863,"children":864},{},[865,870,875],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":866,"children":867},{},[868],{"type":15,"value":869},"Disrupts folding",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":871,"children":872},{},[873],{"type":15,"value":874},"Weakens collagen",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":876,"children":877},{},[878,880,885,886],{"type":15,"value":879},"Causes ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":881,"children":882},{},[883],{"type":15,"value":884},"brittle bones",{"type":15,"value":631},{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":887,"children":888},{},[889],{"type":15,"value":890},"blue sclera",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":892,"children":893},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":28,"props":895,"children":897},{"id":896},"_24-tertiary-structure-overall-folding",[898],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":899,"children":900},{},[901],{"type":15,"value":902},"2.4 Tertiary Structure: Overall Folding",{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":904,"children":906},{"id":905},"definition",[907],{"type":15,"value":908},"🔹 Definition",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":910,"children":911},{},[912,913,918],{"type":15,"value":430},{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":914,"children":915},{},[916],{"type":15,"value":917},"complete 3D structure",{"type":15,"value":919}," of a single polypeptide chain.",{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":921,"children":923},{"id":922},"key-principle",[924],{"type":15,"value":925},"🔹 Key principle",{"type":9,"tag":927,"props":928,"children":929},"blockquote",{},[930],{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":931,"children":932},{},[933],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":934,"children":935},{},[936],{"type":15,"value":937},"Water-soluble proteins fold into compact structures with hydrophobic cores",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":939,"children":940},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":942,"children":944},{"id":943},"myoglobin-as-a-model-protein",[945],{"type":15,"value":946},"🧪 Myoglobin as a model protein",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":948,"children":949},{},[950,955,960,970,975],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":951,"children":952},{},[953],{"type":15,"value":954},"153 amino acids",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":956,"children":957},{},[958],{"type":15,"value":959},"Mostly α-helical",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":961,"children":962},{},[963,965],{"type":15,"value":964},"Contains ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":966,"children":967},{},[968],{"type":15,"value":969},"heme prosthetic group",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":971,"children":972},{},[973],{"type":15,"value":974},"Interior: hydrophobic residues",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":976,"children":977},{},[978],{"type":15,"value":979},"Exterior: polar and charged residues",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":981,"children":982},{},[983,985,990],{"type":15,"value":984},"📌 Only two ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":986,"children":987},{},[988],{"type":15,"value":989},"histidines",{"type":15,"value":991}," inside — essential for oxygen binding.",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":993,"children":994},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":28,"props":996,"children":998},{"id":997},"_25-protein-folding-and-stability",[999],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1000,"children":1001},{},[1002],{"type":15,"value":1003},"2.5 Protein Folding and Stability",{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":1005,"children":1007},{"id":1006},"folding-is-cooperative",[1008],{"type":15,"value":1009},"🔹 Folding is cooperative",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1011,"children":1012},{},[1013,1015,1020],{"type":15,"value":1014},"Proteins fold via ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1016,"children":1017},{},[1018],{"type":15,"value":1019},"sharp transitions",{"type":15,"value":1021},":",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1023,"children":1024},{},[1025,1030],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1026,"children":1027},{},[1028],{"type":15,"value":1029},"Folded ↔ unfolded",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1031,"children":1032},{},[1033],{"type":15,"value":1034},"Few stable intermediates",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1036,"children":1037},{},[1038,1040,1045],{"type":15,"value":1039},"This is an ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1041,"children":1042},{},[1043],{"type":15,"value":1044},"“all-or-none”",{"type":15,"value":1046}," process.",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":1048,"children":1049},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":1051,"children":1053},{"id":1052},"why-folding-is-not-random",[1054],{"type":15,"value":1055},"🔹 Why folding is not random",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1057,"children":1058},{},[1059],{"type":15,"value":1060},"Random search would take longer than the age of the universe (Levinthal paradox).",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1062,"children":1063},{},[1064],{"type":15,"value":1065},"Proteins fold by:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1067,"children":1068},{},[1069,1074],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1070,"children":1071},{},[1072],{"type":15,"value":1073},"Progressive stabilization of intermediates",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1075,"children":1076},{},[1077],{"type":15,"value":1078},"Energy funnel toward native state",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":1080,"children":1081},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":1083,"children":1085},{"id":1084},"️-misfolding-and-aggregation",[1086],{"type":15,"value":1087},"⚠️ Misfolding and Aggregation",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1089,"children":1090},{},[1091,1093,1098],{"type":15,"value":1092},"Some proteins misfold into ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1094,"children":1095},{},[1096],{"type":15,"value":1097},"amyloid fibrils",{"type":15,"value":1021},{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1100,"children":1101},{},[1102,1107,1112],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1103,"children":1104},{},[1105],{"type":15,"value":1106},"Rich in β-sheets",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1108,"children":1109},{},[1110],{"type":15,"value":1111},"Highly stable",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1113,"children":1114},{},[1115],{"type":15,"value":1116},"Insoluble",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1118,"children":1119},{},[1120],{"type":15,"value":1121},"Diseases:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1123,"children":1124},{},[1125,1133,1141],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1126,"children":1127},{},[1128],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1129,"children":1130},{},[1131],{"type":15,"value":1132},"Prion diseases",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1134,"children":1135},{},[1136],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1137,"children":1138},{},[1139],{"type":15,"value":1140},"Alzheimer’s",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1142,"children":1143},{},[1144],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1145,"children":1146},{},[1147],{"type":15,"value":1148},"Parkinson’s",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1150,"children":1151},{},[1152],{"type":15,"value":1153},"Smaller oligomers may be more toxic than large aggregates.",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":1155,"children":1156},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":28,"props":1158,"children":1160},{"id":1159},"_26-protein-modification-and-cleavage",[1161],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1162,"children":1163},{},[1164],{"type":15,"value":1165},"2.6 Protein Modification and Cleavage",{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":1167,"children":1169},{"id":1168},"post-translational-modifications-ptms",[1170],{"type":15,"value":1171},"🔧 Post-translational modifications (PTMs)",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1173,"children":1174},{},[1175],{"type":15,"value":1176},"Examples:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1178,"children":1179},{},[1180,1185,1190,1195],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1181,"children":1182},{},[1183],{"type":15,"value":1184},"Phosphorylation (Ser, Thr, Tyr)",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1186,"children":1187},{},[1188],{"type":15,"value":1189},"Hydroxylation (collagen)",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1191,"children":1192},{},[1193],{"type":15,"value":1194},"Acetylation",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1196,"children":1197},{},[1198],{"type":15,"value":1199},"γ-carboxylation",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1201,"children":1202},{},[1203],{"type":15,"value":1204},"These:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1206,"children":1207},{},[1208,1213,1218],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1209,"children":1210},{},[1211],{"type":15,"value":1212},"Regulate activity",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1214,"children":1215},{},[1216],{"type":15,"value":1217},"Enable signaling",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1219,"children":1220},{},[1221],{"type":15,"value":1222},"Add chemical functionality",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":1224,"children":1225},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":1227,"children":1229},{"id":1228},"️-proteolytic-processing",[1230],{"type":15,"value":1231},"✂️ Proteolytic processing",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1233,"children":1234},{},[1235,1237,1242],{"type":15,"value":1236},"Proteins are often made as ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1238,"children":1239},{},[1240],{"type":15,"value":1241},"inactive precursors",{"type":15,"value":1021},{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1244,"children":1245},{},[1246,1251,1256,1261],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1247,"children":1248},{},[1249],{"type":15,"value":1250},"Digestive enzymes",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1252,"children":1253},{},[1254],{"type":15,"value":1255},"Blood clotting factors",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1257,"children":1258},{},[1259],{"type":15,"value":1260},"Hormones",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1262,"children":1263},{},[1264],{"type":15,"value":1265},"Viral polyproteins",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1267,"children":1268},{},[1269],{"type":15,"value":1270},"Cleavage activates or diversifies function.",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":1272,"children":1273},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":1275,"children":1277},{"id":1276},"gfp-green-fluorescent-protein",[1278],{"type":15,"value":1279},"✨ GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein)",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1281,"children":1282},{},[1283,1293,1298,1303],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1284,"children":1285},{},[1286,1288],{"type":15,"value":1287},"Fluorescence arises from ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1289,"children":1290},{},[1291],{"type":15,"value":1292},"Ser-Tyr-Gly rearrangement",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1294,"children":1295},{},[1296],{"type":15,"value":1297},"Spontaneous chemical modification",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1299,"children":1300},{},[1301],{"type":15,"value":1302},"Mutants span visible spectrum",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1304,"children":1305},{},[1306],{"type":15,"value":1307},"Essential biological marker",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":1309,"children":1310},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":28,"props":1312,"children":1314},{"id":1313},"chapter-2-summary",[1315],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1316,"children":1317},{},[1318],{"type":15,"value":1319},"Chapter 2 Summary",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1321,"children":1322},{},[1323],{"type":15,"value":1324},"Protein structure is hierarchical:",{"type":9,"tag":450,"props":1326,"children":1327},{},[1328,1338,1348,1358],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1329,"children":1330},{},[1331,1336],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1332,"children":1333},{},[1334],{"type":15,"value":1335},"Primary",{"type":15,"value":1337}," → sequence",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1339,"children":1340},{},[1341,1346],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1342,"children":1343},{},[1344],{"type":15,"value":1345},"Secondary",{"type":15,"value":1347}," → helices, sheets",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1349,"children":1350},{},[1351,1356],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1352,"children":1353},{},[1354],{"type":15,"value":1355},"Tertiary",{"type":15,"value":1357}," → full fold",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1359,"children":1360},{},[1361,1366],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1362,"children":1363},{},[1364],{"type":15,"value":1365},"Quaternary",{"type":15,"value":1367}," → multi-subunit complexes",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1369,"children":1370},{},[1371],{"type":15,"value":1372},"Structure → function → regulation → disease.",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":1374,"children":1375},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":10,"props":1377,"children":1379},{"id":1378},"chapter-3-exploring-proteins-and-proteomes",[1380,1382],{"type":15,"value":1381},"🔬 ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1383,"children":1384},{},[1385],{"type":15,"value":1386},"Chapter 3 — Exploring Proteins and Proteomes",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":1388,"children":1389},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":28,"props":1391,"children":1393},{"id":1392},"_31-protein-purification",[1394],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1395,"children":1396},{},[1397],{"type":15,"value":1398},"3.1 Protein Purification",{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":1400,"children":1402},{"id":1401},"why-purify-proteins",[1403],{"type":15,"value":1404},"🔹 Why purify proteins?",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1406,"children":1407},{},[1408],{"type":15,"value":1409},"To study:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1411,"children":1412},{},[1413,1418,1423,1428],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1414,"children":1415},{},[1416],{"type":15,"value":1417},"Structure",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1419,"children":1420},{},[1421],{"type":15,"value":1422},"Function",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1424,"children":1425},{},[1426],{"type":15,"value":1427},"Binding",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1429,"children":1430},{},[1431],{"type":15,"value":1432},"Catalysis",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":1434,"children":1435},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":1437,"children":1439},{"id":1438},"purification-strategies",[1440],{"type":15,"value":1441},"🧪 Purification strategies",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1443,"children":1444},{},[1445],{"type":15,"value":1446},"Proteins differ in:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1448,"children":1449},{},[1450,1455,1460,1465],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1451,"children":1452},{},[1453],{"type":15,"value":1454},"Solubility",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1456,"children":1457},{},[1458],{"type":15,"value":1459},"Size",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1461,"children":1462},{},[1463],{"type":15,"value":1464},"Charge",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1466,"children":1467},{},[1468],{"type":15,"value":1469},"Binding specificity",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1471,"children":1472},{},[1473],{"type":15,"value":1474},"Methods:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1476,"children":1477},{},[1478,1483,1488,1493,1498,1503],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1479,"children":1480},{},[1481],{"type":15,"value":1482},"Salting out",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1484,"children":1485},{},[1486],{"type":15,"value":1487},"Dialysis",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1489,"children":1490},{},[1491],{"type":15,"value":1492},"Gel-filtration chromatography",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1494,"children":1495},{},[1496],{"type":15,"value":1497},"Ion-exchange chromatography",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1499,"children":1500},{},[1501],{"type":15,"value":1502},"Affinity chromatography",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1504,"children":1505},{},[1506],{"type":15,"value":1507},"HPLC",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":1509,"children":1510},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":1512,"children":1514},{"id":1513},"gel-filtration-size-exclusion",[1515],{"type":15,"value":1516},"📏 Gel filtration (size exclusion)",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1518,"children":1519},{},[1520,1530,1535],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1521,"children":1522},{},[1523,1525],{"type":15,"value":1524},"Separates by ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1526,"children":1527},{},[1528],{"type":15,"value":1529},"size",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1531,"children":1532},{},[1533],{"type":15,"value":1534},"Larger proteins elute first",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1536,"children":1537},{},[1538],{"type":15,"value":1539},"Used to estimate molecular mass",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":1541,"children":1542},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":1544,"children":1546},{"id":1545},"gel-electrophoresis",[1547],{"type":15,"value":1548},"⚡ Gel electrophoresis",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1550,"children":1551},{},[1552,1562,1567],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1553,"children":1554},{},[1555,1557],{"type":15,"value":1556},"SDS-PAGE separates by ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1558,"children":1559},{},[1560],{"type":15,"value":1561},"mass",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1563,"children":1564},{},[1565],{"type":15,"value":1566},"SDS gives uniform negative charge",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1568,"children":1569},{},[1570],{"type":15,"value":1571},"Smaller proteins migrate faster",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1573,"children":1574},{},[1575],{"type":15,"value":1576},"Advanced forms:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1578,"children":1579},{},[1580,1590],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1581,"children":1582},{},[1583,1588],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1584,"children":1585},{},[1586],{"type":15,"value":1587},"Isoelectric focusing",{"type":15,"value":1589}," (pI separation)",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1591,"children":1592},{},[1593,1598],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1594,"children":1595},{},[1596],{"type":15,"value":1597},"2D electrophoresis",{"type":15,"value":1599}," (pI + size)",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":1601,"children":1602},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":28,"props":1604,"children":1606},{"id":1605},"_32-immunological-techniques",[1607],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1608,"children":1609},{},[1610],{"type":15,"value":1611},"3.2 Immunological Techniques",{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":1613,"children":1615},{"id":1614},"antibodies",[1616],{"type":15,"value":1617},"🧬 Antibodies",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1619,"children":1620},{},[1621,1631],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1622,"children":1623},{},[1624,1626],{"type":15,"value":1625},"Bind specific ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1627,"children":1628},{},[1629],{"type":15,"value":1630},"epitopes",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1632,"children":1633},{},[1634],{"type":15,"value":1635},"Can be polyclonal or monoclonal",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1637,"children":1638},{},[1639],{"type":15,"value":1640},"Used in:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1642,"children":1643},{},[1644,1649,1654],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1645,"children":1646},{},[1647],{"type":15,"value":1648},"Western blotting",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1650,"children":1651},{},[1652],{"type":15,"value":1653},"ELISA",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1655,"children":1656},{},[1657],{"type":15,"value":1658},"Fluorescence microscopy",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":1660,"children":1661},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":28,"props":1663,"children":1665},{"id":1664},"_33-mass-spectrometry",[1666],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1667,"children":1668},{},[1669],{"type":15,"value":1670},"3.3 Mass Spectrometry",{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":1672,"children":1674},{"id":1673},"core-principle",[1675],{"type":15,"value":1676},"🔹 Core principle",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1678,"children":1679},{},[1680,1682],{"type":15,"value":1681},"Measures ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1683,"children":1684},{},[1685],{"type":15,"value":1686},"mass-to-charge ratio (m/z)",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1688,"children":1689},{},[1690],{"type":15,"value":1691},"Ionization methods:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1693,"children":1694},{},[1695,1703],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1696,"children":1697},{},[1698],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1699,"children":1700},{},[1701],{"type":15,"value":1702},"MALDI",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1704,"children":1705},{},[1706],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1707,"children":1708},{},[1709],{"type":15,"value":1710},"ESI",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1712,"children":1713},{},[1714],{"type":15,"value":1715},"Analyzers:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1717,"children":1718},{},[1719],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1720,"children":1721},{},[1722],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1723,"children":1724},{},[1725],{"type":15,"value":1726},"Time-of-flight (TOF)",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":1728,"children":1729},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":1731,"children":1733},{"id":1732},"tandem-ms-msms",[1734],{"type":15,"value":1735},"🔬 Tandem MS (MS/MS)",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1737,"children":1738},{},[1739,1744],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1740,"children":1741},{},[1742],{"type":15,"value":1743},"Fragment peptides in predictable ways",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1745,"children":1746},{},[1747],{"type":15,"value":1748},"Determine sequence from fragment masses",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1750,"children":1751},{},[1752],{"type":15,"value":1753},"Central to:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1755,"children":1756},{},[1757,1762,1767],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1758,"children":1759},{},[1760],{"type":15,"value":1761},"Proteomics",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1763,"children":1764},{},[1765],{"type":15,"value":1766},"Complex protein mixtures",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1768,"children":1769},{},[1770],{"type":15,"value":1771},"Large assemblies",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":1773,"children":1774},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":28,"props":1776,"children":1778},{"id":1777},"_34-peptide-sequencing",[1779],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1780,"children":1781},{},[1782],{"type":15,"value":1783},"3.4 Peptide Sequencing",{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":1785,"children":1787},{"id":1786},"edman-degradation",[1788],{"type":15,"value":1789},"🧪 Edman degradation",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1791,"children":1792},{},[1793,1798,1803],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1794,"children":1795},{},[1796],{"type":15,"value":1797},"Labels N-terminal residue",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1799,"children":1800},{},[1801],{"type":15,"value":1802},"Removes one amino acid at a time",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1804,"children":1805},{},[1806],{"type":15,"value":1807},"Limited to short peptides",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":1809,"children":1810},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":1812,"children":1814},{"id":1813},"overlap-peptides",[1815],{"type":15,"value":1816},"🧬 Overlap peptides",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1818,"children":1819},{},[1820,1825],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1821,"children":1822},{},[1823],{"type":15,"value":1824},"Use multiple cleavage methods",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1826,"children":1827},{},[1828],{"type":15,"value":1829},"Reconstruct full sequence",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1831,"children":1832},{},[1833],{"type":15,"value":1834},"Cleavage agents:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1836,"children":1837},{},[1838,1843,1848,1853],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1839,"children":1840},{},[1841],{"type":15,"value":1842},"Trypsin",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1844,"children":1845},{},[1846],{"type":15,"value":1847},"Chymotrypsin",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1849,"children":1850},{},[1851],{"type":15,"value":1852},"CNBr",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1854,"children":1855},{},[1856],{"type":15,"value":1857},"Carboxypeptidase",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":1859,"children":1860},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":28,"props":1862,"children":1864},{"id":1863},"_35-peptide-synthesis",[1865],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1866,"children":1867},{},[1868],{"type":15,"value":1869},"3.5 Peptide Synthesis",{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":1871,"children":1873},{"id":1872},"solid-phase-synthesis",[1874],{"type":15,"value":1875},"🔧 Solid-phase synthesis",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1877,"children":1878},{},[1879,1884,1889],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1880,"children":1881},{},[1882],{"type":15,"value":1883},"Automated",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1885,"children":1886},{},[1887],{"type":15,"value":1888},"C-terminus attached to resin",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1890,"children":1891},{},[1892,1894],{"type":15,"value":1893},"Peptides used for:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1895,"children":1896},{},[1897,1902,1907],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1898,"children":1899},{},[1900],{"type":15,"value":1901},"Drugs",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1903,"children":1904},{},[1905],{"type":15,"value":1906},"Antigens",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1908,"children":1909},{},[1910],{"type":15,"value":1911},"Structural studies",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":1913,"children":1914},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":28,"props":1916,"children":1918},{"id":1917},"_36-determining-3d-structure",[1919],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1920,"children":1921},{},[1922],{"type":15,"value":1923},"3.6 Determining 3D Structure",{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":1925,"children":1927},{"id":1926},"x-ray-crystallography",[1928],{"type":15,"value":1929},"🧊 X-ray crystallography",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1931,"children":1932},{},[1933,1938,1943],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1934,"children":1935},{},[1936],{"type":15,"value":1937},"Requires crystals",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1939,"children":1940},{},[1941],{"type":15,"value":1942},"Produces electron density maps",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1944,"children":1945},{},[1946],{"type":15,"value":1947},"Atomic resolution",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":1949,"children":1950},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":38,"props":1952,"children":1954},{"id":1953},"nmr-spectroscopy",[1955],{"type":15,"value":1956},"📡 NMR spectroscopy",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1958,"children":1959},{},[1960,1965,1970],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1961,"children":1962},{},[1963],{"type":15,"value":1964},"Works in solution",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1966,"children":1967},{},[1968],{"type":15,"value":1969},"Uses chemical shifts",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1971,"children":1972},{},[1973],{"type":15,"value":1974},"Excellent for dynamics",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":1976,"children":1977},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":28,"props":1979,"children":1981},{"id":1980},"genomics-vs-proteomics",[1982],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":1983,"children":1984},{},[1985],{"type":15,"value":1986},"Genomics vs Proteomics",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":1988,"children":1989},{},[1990],{"type":15,"value":1991},"DNA sequence:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":1993,"children":1994},{},[1995],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":1996,"children":1997},{},[1998],{"type":15,"value":1999},"Predicts amino acid sequence",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":2001,"children":2002},{},[2003],{"type":15,"value":2004},"Protein analysis:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":2006,"children":2007},{},[2008,2017,2026],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":2009,"children":2010},{},[2011,2012],{"type":15,"value":485},{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":2013,"children":2014},{},[2015],{"type":15,"value":2016},"modifications",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":2018,"children":2019},{},[2020,2021],{"type":15,"value":485},{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":2022,"children":2023},{},[2024],{"type":15,"value":2025},"processing",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":2027,"children":2028},{},[2029,2030],{"type":15,"value":485},{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":2031,"children":2032},{},[2033],{"type":15,"value":2034},"functional form",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":2036,"children":2037},{},[2038,2040,2045],{"type":15,"value":2039},"➡️ Both are ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":2041,"children":2042},{},[2043],{"type":15,"value":2044},"complementary",{"type":15,"value":2046},", not interchangeable.",{"type":9,"tag":24,"props":2048,"children":2049},{},[],{"type":9,"tag":28,"props":2051,"children":2053},{"id":2052},"final-big-picture",[2054],{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":2055,"children":2056},{},[2057],{"type":15,"value":2058},"Final Big Picture 🧠",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":2060,"children":2061},{},[2062],{"type":15,"value":2063},"Proteins:",{"type":9,"tag":76,"props":2065,"children":2066},{},[2067,2077,2087,2097],{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":2068,"children":2069},{},[2070,2072],{"type":15,"value":2071},"Use a ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":2073,"children":2074},{},[2075],{"type":15,"value":2076},"simple alphabet",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":2078,"children":2079},{},[2080,2082],{"type":15,"value":2081},"Fold into ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":2083,"children":2084},{},[2085],{"type":15,"value":2086},"complex structures",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":2088,"children":2089},{},[2090,2092],{"type":15,"value":2091},"Are regulated by ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":2093,"children":2094},{},[2095],{"type":15,"value":2096},"chemistry, physics, and biology",{"type":9,"tag":80,"props":2098,"children":2099},{},[2100],{"type":15,"value":2101},"Can malfunction catastrophically",{"type":9,"tag":45,"props":2103,"children":2104},{},[2105,2107,2112],{"type":15,"value":2106},"Understanding protein structure is essential to understanding ",{"type":9,"tag":18,"props":2108,"children":2109},{},[2110],{"type":15,"value":2111},"life itself",{"type":15,"value":63},1775084289568]